IMPACT OF LEADER'S INVOLVEMENT IN AGILE MATURITY ASSESSMENTS

Agile is the way we look at things happening around us. Agile is a behavior pattern, how you look at the world's complex situations, how you react to situations, how you visualize a solution, how you reach the solution. You can either think of a complex problem or a situation and worry about it or you break that into meaningful small chinks & try to solve it. Agile adds that fun element of tackling smaller challenges systematically. As we move from the traditional hierarchical working to self-managing and agility, it is evident for teams to see the radical shift in people's day-to-day behaviors. These new ways of working bring in an increased sense of ownership, proactive, open communication, accepting failures, and more importantly trust and transparency among team members. Agile maturity assessments are tools or processes used to evaluate and measure an organization's or team's level of agility and their effectiveness in implementing Agile principles and practices. These assessments help identify areas of strength and improvement, enabling organizations to enhance their Agile adoption and transformation journey

IMPACT OF SELECTED YOGIC PRACTICES ON MUSCULAR STRENGTH, MUSCULAR ENDURANCE, FLEXIBILITY AND AGILITY OF FEMALE KHO-KHO PLAYERS

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of yoga training on muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and agility of female kho-kho players. For this purpose, a sample of forty (N=40) female kho-kho players of age ranging from 14 to 17 years were selected from Laxmi Narayan Inter College, Meja, Prayagraj. Further, the subjects were purposively divided in two groups. First group, designated as experimental group (N1=20) and the second one as control group (N2=20). All the participants were informed about the objectives and methodology of this study and they volunteered to participate in this experimental study. The study was restricted to the variables: muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and agility. The same were measured by using Flexed Arms Hang Test, Sit-Ups Test, Sit and Reach Test and Shuttle Run Test respectively. Experimental group have undergone yoga training for 6 week by following a sequence of selected yogic asanas. Paired sample t-test was applied to study the effects of yoga training on female kho-kho players. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results revealed significant differences between pre and post-tests of experimental group in respect to Muscular strength (t-6.946*), Muscular endurance (t-9.863*), Flexibility (t-11.052*) and Agility (t-14.068*). However, insignificant differences were observed between pre and post-tests of control group.

Treinamento pliométrico de membros superiores e inferiores em 5 semanas melhora desempenho físico de estudantes de educação física / Pliometric training in 5 weeks improves physical performance of physical education students: a pilot study

: Este estudo investigou o impacto de 5 semanas de treinamento pliométrico em membros superiores e inferiores sobre o desempenho físico em estudantes de Educação Física. Foram recrutados 16 estudantes do sexo masculino de 18 a 23 anos divididos em 2 grupos (Controle e Treino). O grupo Treino foi submetido ao treinamento pliométrico de membros superiores e inferiores por 5 semanas com 3 sessões/semana de 30-40 minutos/sessão, composta de 10 exercícios de braço e perna (10-20 repetições/exercício). Antes e imediatamente após o programa de treinamento pliométrico, os indivíduos foram avaliados por parâmetros antropométricos (peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura), nível de flexibilidade e desempenho físico (forças de toque e de ataque, salto vertical, sprint de 20 m e agilidade). Dados de flexibilidade e desempenho físico foram avaliados por análise de covariância (ANCOVA), além da correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis de desempenho físico após 5 semanas de treinamento. O grupo Treino exibiu maior ganho de desempenho no salto vertical quando comparado ao grupo Controle (p< 0,05). Todavia, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos Treino e Controle nos ganhos de força de toque e de ataque, no desempenho do teste de sprint de 20 m, no teste de agilidade e de flexibilidade (p> 0,05). Houve correlação positiva entre os testes de forças de toque e de ataque com o salto vertical (p< 0,001, r= 0,633; e p< 0,001, r= 0,639; respectivamente), como também correlação dos testes salto vertical com os testes de velocidade (p< 0,001, r= -0,768) e agilidade (p< 0,002, r= -0,537) após o treinamento. Conclui-se que 5 semanas de treinamento pliométrico de membros superiores e inferiores exibiram melhora no desempenho do salto vertical de estudantes de Educação Física, bem como observou-se correlação entre os parâmetros neuromusculares anaeróbicos de membros inferiores e superiores após o período de treinamento.(AU)

This study investigated the impact of 5 weeks of plyometric training on upper and lower limbs on physical performance parameters in Physical Education students. Sixteen male college students aged 18 to 23 years were divided into 2 groups (Control and Training). The Training group was submitted to 5 weeks of plyometric training for upper and lower limbs, with 3 sessions per week for 30-40 minutes per session. Training sessions consisted of 10 arm and leg exercises (10-20 repetitions per exercise). Anthropometric parameters (weight, height, body mass index and body fat percentage), level of flexibility and physical performance (touch and attack strength, vertical jump, 20m sprint, agility) were assessed before and immediately after the plyometric training program. Flexibility and physical performance data were assessed by covariance analysis (ANCOVA), in addition to Pearson's correlation among physical performance parameters after 5 weeks of training. The Training group showed a greater gain in the vertical jump performance when compared to the Control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the Training and Control groups for touch and attack strength gains, for 20 m sprint performance gains, and for agility and flexibility test gains. There was a positive correlation between the tests of touch and attack strengths with vertical jump performance. There was also positive correlation between touch and attack strength with vertical jump (p< 0.001, r= 0.633; e p< 0,001, r= 0.639; respectively), and between vertical jump performance and 20m sprint performance (p< 0.001, r= -0,768) and agility test after training (p< 0.002, r= -0,537). It is concluded that 5 weeks of plyometric training for upper and lower limbs showed improvement in the vertical jump performance in Physical Education students. There was also a correlation between the anaerobic neuromuscular parameters of lower and upper limbs after the training period.(AU)

Association of sex-related differences in body composition to change of direction speed in police officers while carrying load / Asociación de diferencias relacionadas con el sexo en la composición corporal para cambiar la velocidad de dirección de oficiales de policía durante el transporte de carga

Regardless of sex or body size, police tasks may require officers to change direction speed (CODS) under occupational loads. The purpose of this study was to investigate body composition and CODS in female and male police cadets in both unloaded and occupationally loaded conditions. Body composition and CODS of 51 female (FPC) and 70 male police cadets (MPC) were assessed. Six body composition indices were used: Body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (PBF), percent of skeletal muscle mass (PSMM), protein fat index (PFI), index of hypokinesia (IH), and skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI). The CODS was assessed by Illinois Agility Test (IAT) and IAT while carrying a 10-kg load (LIAT). An independent sample t-test was used to identify the differences between the sexes. The regression determined associations between body composition and LIAT. The alpha level was set at p < 0.05 a priori. MPC had significantly higher (p < 0.001) BMI, PSMM, PFI and SMMI and lower PBF and IH than FPC. MPC were also faster in IAT and LIAT, carrying lower relative loads that imparted less of an impact on CODS performance. Body composition was strongly associated with the time to complete LIAT (R2 = 0.671, p < 0.001). Difference in relative load and body composition influenced CODS performance in both unloaded and loaded conditions. Thus, optimizing body composition through increasing skeletal muscle mass and reducing fat mass could positively influence unloaded and loaded CODS performance and improve elements of police task performance.

El trabajo policial puede requerir que los oficiales cambien la velocidad de dirección (CVD) bajo cargas ocupacionales, indistintamente del sexo o tamaño corporal. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar la composición corporal y los CVD en cadetes de policía de ambos sexos, tanto en condiciones de descarga como de trabajo. Se evaluaron la composición corporal y los CVD de 51 mujeres (CPF) y 70 cadetes de policía masculinos (CPM). Se utilizaron seis índices de composición corporal: índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), porcentaje de masa muscular esquelética (PMME), índice de grasa proteica (IGP), índice de hipocinesia (IH) e índice de masa muscular esquelética (IMME). El CVD fue evaluado por Illinois Agility Test (IAT) y IAT mientras transportaba una carga de 10 kg (LIAT). Se usó una prueba t de muestra independiente para identificar las diferencias entre los sexos. La regresión determinó asociaciones entre la composición corporal y LIAT. El nivel alfa se estableció en p <0,05 a priori. CPM registraron un IMC, PMME, PGC y IMME significativamente más altos (p <0,001) y PGC e IH más bajos que las mujeres (CPF). Los CPM también fueron más rápidos en IAT y LIAT, llevando cargas más bajas, las que tuvieron un impacto menor en el rendimiento de CVD. La composición corporal estaba asociada con el tiempo para completar LIAT (R2 = 0,671, p <0,001). La diferencia en la carga relativa y la composición corporal influyeron en el rendimiento de CVD tanto en condiciones descargadas como cargadas. Por lo tanto, la optimización de la composición corporal a través del aumento de la masa del músculo esquelético, y la reducción de la masa grasa podrían influir de manera positiva en el rendimiento de CVD descargados y cargados, mejorando el rendimiento del trabajo policial.

The Performance of the Agility System for Interferon Gamma Release Assay Using QuantiFERON TB Gold In-Tube Assay / 임상검사와정도관리

BACKGROUND: As stated in ‘The Action Strategy for Tuberculosis-Free Korea,’ last March, high-throughput, large-scale analytical instruments for interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) are demanded by many clinical laboratories using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay (Cellestis/Qiagen, Australia). Agility (Dynex Technologies, USA) is an automated high-throughput enzyme linked immunosorbent assay analyser. The present study aimed to evaluate its accuracy and speed. METHODS: Pooled plasma was prepared using samples obtained after IGRA testing. Analyses of precision, linearity, cut-off evaluation, and comparison with conventional methods were performed for multiple Agility instruments according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute EP5-A3, EP6-A, EP9-A3 and EP12-A2 guidelines. The turnaround time and throughput were also analysed. RESULTS: The coefficient of variation range was 2.48%–4.0%, 7.01%–11.17%, and 9.69%–14.84% for the repeatability, between-run precision, and between-day precision analyses, respectively. The linearity ranged from 0 to 10.541. Comparison analysis presented a high concordance of Agility with the conventional instrument, DS2 (Dynex Technologies), and manual method for IGRA. The cut-off value of 0.35 IU/mL was well compatible with the C50. It was identified that the C50±20% contained the C5–C95 interval. The average turnaround time was 3.84 hours, from the submission of pre-treated samples to the reporting of results. The throughput was determined to be 290 tests during a routine working time of 8 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Agility showed high precision, linearity, concordance, and had a 2.5 times faster throughput than with the conventional and manual method. It could be useful for large-scale IGRA testing in latent tuberculosis infection screening project. Samples within C50±20% are suspected to show relatively low reporducible results of high inversion between postivie and negative.

Power and agility testing within the NBA pre-draft combine / Teste de potência e agilidade no NBA pre-draft combine

Abstract Considering agility is a prerequisite for basketball performance and several agility tests have been used during the pre-draft assessment of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the aimed of this study was to examine the associations between pre-draft athletes´ performance scores in NBA draft combine testing protocol. The performance of 480 athletes invited to the NBA pre-draft assessment from 2010 to 2017 was considered. Tests in the NBA Draft Combine considered in this study included the Shuttle Run Test, Lane Agility Test, Sprint Test, and Jump Test (standing vertical leap). Zero order correlations were calculated to examine the associations between performance tests by fitting Bayesian linear regression models. Among running testing, both Shuttle Run Test [r=0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34 to 0.56) and Sprint Test (r=0.45, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.54) were moderately associated with the Lane Agility Test. The association between the Sprint Test and Shuttle Run Test was moderate at best (r=0.27, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.38). Correlations between Jump Test and running tests were moderate to large, ranging from -0.51 to -0.19 (Lane Agility Test: r=-0.33, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.24; Shuttle Run Test: r=-0.19, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.07; Sprint Test: r=-0.51, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.43). As a conclusion, we found a moderate to large correlations between the tests performance of the NBA Draft Combine, implying that the overall procedures may provide in part overlapping information about basketball maximal short term performance.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as associações entre os escores de desempenho dos atletas no Pre-Draft Combine da NBA. Foram examinados os desempenhos de 480 atletas nas avaliações do Pre-draft Combine da NBA de 2010 a 2017. Os testes do Draft Combine considerados incluíram o Shuttle Run Test, o Lane Agility Test, o Sprint Test e o Jump Test (salto vertical em pé). Correlações de ordem zero foram calculadas para examinar as associações entre os testes de desempenho através da adequação de modelos de regressão linear Bayesiana. Entre os testes de corrida, tanto o teste Shuttle Run (r = 0,45, intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% 0,34 a 0,56) e teste de Sprint (r = 0,45, IC 95% 0,37 a 0,54) foram moderadamente associados com o Teste Lane Agility. A associação entre o Sprint Test e o Shuttle Run Test foi de moderada para alta (r = 0,27, IC 95% 0,16 a 0,38). As correlações entre o Teste de Salto e os testes de corrida foram de moderada a grande, variando de -0,51 a -0,19 (Lane Agility Test: r = -0,33, IC 95% -0,42 a -0,24; Teste Shuttle Run: r = -0,19, IC 95% -0,31 a -0,07; Teste de Sprint: r = -0,51, IC 95% -0,59 a -0,43). Assim, foi verificado uma correlação de moderada a grande entre o desempenho dos testes do Draft Combine da NBA, o que indica que os procedimentos gerais podem fornecer, parcialmente, informações sobrepostas sobre o desempenho máximo de curto prazo do basquetebol.

Função compras no setor público: desafios para o alcance da celeridade dos pregões eletrônicos / La función de compras en el sector público: desafíos para lograr la celeridad en las licitaciones electrónicas / Purchasing function in the public sector: challenges to promote agility in electronic reverse auctions

Resumo Este artigo aborda a questão dos prazos nos processos de compras no âmbito da administração pública federal. Seu principal objetivo é analisar os fatores que influenciaram na execução das subfases do pregão eletrônico na Base Aérea de Natal (Bant), tendo como parâmetro o princípio da celeridade. Baseado na teoria sobre a função compras, quatro dimensões foram estabelecidas: "Legislação e processos de compras", "Estrutura e organização do setor de compras", "Sistemas de compras" e "Recursos humanos do setor de compras". No campo metodológico, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os agentes públicos da Bant. A análise por subfases, procedimento inédito na literatura, identificou novos fatores que afetam a celeridade: falta de integração entre o setor requisitante e o de compras, falta de integração entre o setor requisitante e o pregoeiro, e falhas no banco de dados do Comprasnet.

Resumen Este artículo aborda el tema de los plazos en los procesos de compras en la administración pública federal brasileña. El principal objetivo es analizar los factores que influyeron en el logro de las sub-fases de la licitación electrónica en la Base Aérea de Natal (Bant) teniendo como base el principio de la celeridad. Basado en la teoría de la función de compras, cuatro dimensiones fueran establecidas: "Legislación y procesos de compras", "Estructura y organización del sector de compras", "Sistemas de compras" y "Recursos humanos del sector de compras". En el ámbito metodológico se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con los agentes públicos de Bant. El análisis por sub-fases, procedimiento sin precedentes en la literatura, identificó nuevos factores: falta de integración entre el sector solicitante y el de compras, falta de integración entre el sector solicitante y el pregonero, y fallas en la base de datos Comprasnet.

Abstract This paper analyses the issue of delivery time in the procurement process within the Brazilian federal public administration. Based on the principle of celerity, the main goal is to analyze the factors that have influenced the implementation of the sub-phases of electronic auctions held at the Base Aérea de Natal (Bant). Based on the theoretical framework of the procurement function, four dimensions were established: Legislation and procurement processes, Structure and organization of the purchasing sector, Purchasing systems and Human resources of the purchasing sector. The methodology consisted of semi-structured interviews carried out with the public agents of Bant. The analysis by sub-phases, an unprecedented strategy, identified new factors: lack of integration between the requesting and purchasing sectors, lack of integration between the requesting sector and the auctioneer and failures in the data base Comprasnet.

Attitude Towards Ageing And Physical Performance Among Adults 55 Years Old And Above

@#Negative attitudes towards ageing are reported to be associated with greater functional impairment in older adults.There is limited information regarding attitudes towards ageing and physical performance in regard to adults aged 55 to 64 years. The objective of our study was to examine the association of attitude towards ageing on physical performance which includes mobility, agility and falls risk. This cross sectional study was conducted at five senior citizen clubs around Klang Valley in Malaysia. A total of 154 community dwelling adults aged 55 and above (mean:65.8+6.82) participated in this study. Attitude towards ageing was measured using Kogan’s Attitude towards Older People Questionnaire (KAOP). Mobility and agility were measured using gait speed test and ten step test respectively. Risk of falls was assessed using physiological profile aproach (PPA). Approximately 75% of the participants had positive attitude towards ageing with high to very high risk of falls. A significant (p<0.05) correlation was demonstrated between attitude towards ageing, falls risk and gait speed.Regression analysis showed that attitudes toward ageing had a relationship with falls risk, explaining 6% of the variance, F (1, 152) =10.26, p<0.01.The results of this study suggest that there is some relationship between attitude towards ageing and falls risk measured using a combination of physical performance test. Positive attitude towards ageing should be promoted among adults in an earlier age for overall physical health among older adults.

Attitude Towards Ageing And Physical Performance Among Adults 55 Years Old And Above

Negative attitudes towards ageing are reported to be associated with greater functional impairment in older adults. There is limited information regarding attitudes towards ageing and physical performance in regard to adults aged 55 to 64 years. The objective of our study was to examine the association of attitude towards ageing on physical performance which includes mobility, agility and falls risk. This cross sectional study was conducted at five senior citizen clubs around Klang Valley in Malaysia. A total of 154 community dwelling adults aged 55 and above (mean:65.8+6.82) participated in this study. Attitude towards ageing was measured using Kogan’s Attitude towards Older People Questionnaire (KAOP). Mobility and agility were measured using gait speed test and ten step test respectively. Risk of falls was assessed using physiological profile aproach (PPA). Approximately 75% of the participants had positive attitude towards ageing with high to very high risk of falls. A significant (p<0.05) correlation was demonstrated between attitude towards ageing, falls risk and gait speed.Regression analysis showed that attitudes toward ageing had a relationship with falls risk, explaining 6% of the variance, F (1, 152) =10.26, p<0.01.The results of this study suggest that there is some relationship between attitude towards ageing and falls risk measured using a combination of physical performance test. Positive attitude towards ageing should be promoted among adults in an earlier age for overall physical health among older adults.

Associações entre o índice de massa corporal e a agilidade em crianças e adolescentes / Asociaciones entre el índice de masa corporal y la agilidad en niños y adolescentes / Associations between the body mass index and agility in children and adolescents

Introdução: às associações entre o índice de massa corporal e a agilidade na infância, não estão bem esclarecidas na literatura. Objetivo: analisar a associação entre os níveis do índice de massa coporal e a agilidade em crianças e adolescentes. Método: estudo transversal com voluntários de 10 a 14 anos. Separados em: grupo com peso normal (PN= 22), grupo com excesso de peso/obesidade (EP/OB= 22). Todos passaram por medidas de antropometria e agilidade. A estatura e massa corporal foram aferidas para determinar o índice de massa corporal utilizando a sugestão da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Para medir a agilidade foi utilizado o teste Shutle Runpor exigir pouca habilidade motra e ter uma boa confiabilidade. Na semana que antecedeu as medidas definitivas, os voluntários foram familiarizados com os procedimentos e com a execução dos testes. Para todos os cálculos estatísticos adotou o nível de significância de (p≤ 0,05). Resultados: houve uma correlação significativamente positiva e moderada entre o índice de massa corporal e os níveis de agilidade no grupo como um todo (r= 0,46; p= 0,03). Já os resultados do teste t, confirmou-se a existência de diferença significativa entre o nível de agilidade do grupo com excesso de peso e obesidade e o grupo com peso normal (p< 0,05). Conclusão: houve correlação significativa entre o índice de massa corporal e os níveis de agilidade na amostra analisada; e que o grupo classificado pelo índice de massa corporal como EP/OB apresentou um nível de agilidade significativamente menor do que o grupo classificado como peso normal(AU)

Introducción: las asociaciones entre el índice de masa corporal y la agilidad en la infancia, no están bien aclaradas en la literatura. Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre los niveles del índice de masa corporal y la agilidad en niños y adolescentes. Método: estudio transversal con voluntarios de 10 a 14 años. Se separaron en: grupo con peso normal (PN= 22), grupo con sobrepeso/obesidad (EP/OB= 22). Todos pasaron por medidas de antropometría y agilidad. La estatura y masa corporal fueron evaluadas para determinar el índice de masa corporal utilizando la sugerencia de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Para medir la agilidad se utilizó la prueba Shutle Run por exigir poca habilidad motra y tener una buena confiabilidad. En la semana que precedió a las medidas definitivas, los voluntarios se familiarizaron con los procedimientos y la ejecución de las pruebas. Para todos los cálculos estadísticos adoptó el nivel de significancia de (p≤ 0,05). Resultados: hubo una correlación significativamente positiva y moderada entre el índice de masa corporal y los niveles de agilidad en el grupo como un todo (r= 0,46, p= 0,03). Los resultados de la prueba t, confirmaron la existencia de una diferencia significativa entre el nivel de agilidad del grupo con sobrepeso y obesidad y el grupo con peso normal (p< 0,05). Conclusión: hubo correlación significativa entre el índice de masa corporal y los niveles de agilidad en la muestra analizada; el grupo clasificado por el índice de masa corporal como EP/OB presentó un nivel de agilidad significativamente menor que el grupo clasificado como peso normal(AU)

Introduction: The associations between Body Mass Index and child agility are not well understood in the literature. Objective: To analyze the association between Body Mass Index levels and agility in children and adolescents. Methods: cross-sectional study with volunteers aged 10 to 14 years. Separated into: normal weight group (PN= 22), overweight/obese group (EP/OB= 22). All of them underwent anthropometric and agility measurements. Stature and body mass were measured to determine Body Mass Index using the suggestion of the World Health Organization. To measure agility, the Shutle Run test was used because it requires poor motor skills and good reliability. In the week preceding the definitive measures, the volunteers were familiar with the procedures and the execution of the tests. For all the statistical calculations it adopted the level of significance of (p≤ 0.05). Results: There was a significantly positive and moderate correlation between Body Mass Index and agility levels in the group as a whole (r= 0.46, p= 0.03). The results of the t-test confirmed the existence of a significant difference between the agility level of the overweight and obesity group and the normal weight group (p< 0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between Body Mass Index and agility levels in the sample analyzed; and that the group classified by BMI as EP/OB had a level of agility significantly lower than the group classified asnormal weight(AU)

Relationship between organizational intelligence and hospitals agility of shiraz university of medical sciences.

Introduction: Regarding the changing environment of hospitals and necessity of providing services in the shortest possible time and with acceptable quality and cost for patients, attention to innovative and smart approaches and using maximum mental abilities of the organization for increasing hospitals agility seems necessary. In fact, this study aims to answer this question that is there a significant relation between organizational intelligence (and its components according to Albrecht model) and hospitals agility? Method: The present study is applied in respect of aim and descriptive in regard of nature and method and for this purpose, a 368 persons sample was selected by stratifies sampling method among all 8247 personnel working in 15 active hospitals. For data collection in the field of organizational intelligence Albrecht organizational intelligence standard questionnaire and for organization agility, agility standard questionnaire which has been designed based on Goldman agility model were used. Results: Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relation between organizational intelligence and its seven components (strategic perspective, shared fate, desire to change, spirit, knowledge application, union and agreement and performance pressure) with hospitals agility and except intervening variable of educations other intervening variables like age, gender, marital status and working background have no impact on organizational intelligence and hospitals agility. Conclusion: Regarding the results of this study, choosing some solutions for codifying dynamic strategic programs in hospitals and holding training courses of organizational intelligence for informing personnel and managers could lead to increasing of hospitals agility level and providing effective service for patients.

A paper-and-pencil test for motion agility / 军事医学

Objective To develop a paper-and-pencil test for motion agility and to examine its psychometric properties. Methods For the purpose of measuring motion agility, the material of the paper-and-pencil test for motion agility included a special paper and 2 compasses.The radii of compasses were 1.5 and 2 cm, respectively.Subjects were asked to draw circles using the two compasses by turns on the special paper.Totally,712 subjects were subjected to the paper-and-pencil test for motion agility, among whom 45 were re-tested after 23 days, and 46 were subjected to screwing performance test. The training grades of 37 subjects were collected.Results The correlation between the paper-and-pencil test and screwing performance test scores was 0.48.The correlation between the paper-and-pencil test and the training grades was 0.40.The re-test reliability of the paper-and-pencil test for motion agility was 0.57.Conclusion The validity of the paper-and-pencil test for motion agility is acceptable.It can be operated easily as a group test for motion agility.

The relationship between physical fitness and shooting accuracy of professional basketball players

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among physical fitness of professional Bosnian basketball players (n = 38) and shooting accuracy during one basketball season. A related, secondary aim was to examine relationships between basketball shooting assessments and competitive shooting accuracy during game play. Physical fitness components included: muscular endurance and aerobic endurance, lower and upper-body power, speed, agility, anaerobic capacity and anaerobic power. The specific basketball shooting accuracy was assessed by stationary and dynamic shooting assessments. Competitive shooting accuracy was represented by data collected during one basketball season for each player (free throw, field goal, and three-point %). Results of the regression analyses showed that there were significant positive relationships among shooting assessments and competitive shooting accuracy during game play. The relationship was stronger when the dynamic shooting tests were applied compared to the stationary tests. However, few or weak relationships existed among physical fitness components and competitive shooting accuracy. Only the power tests showed to be good predictors for shooting over longer distances. The findings support the inclusion of the dynamic basketball shooting accuracy tests in regular basketball assessment procedures as a valuable testing instrument.

"A relação entre aptidão física e precisão de arremesso dos jogadores profissionais de basquetebol." O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a relação entre a condição física de basquetebolistas profissionais bósnios (n=38) na precisão de arremesso no decorrer de uma temporada competitiva. Adicionalmente, pretendeu-se verificar a relação entre a avaliação específica e a precisão de arremessos durante os jogos. As variáveis de condição física foram as seguintes: resistência de força, resistência aeróbia, potência dos membros inferiores e superiores, velocidade, agilidade, capacidade e potência anaeróbia. A avaliação específica do arremesso foi testada através da utilização de arremessos estáticos e dinâmicos. A precisão dos arremessos durante os jogos foi realizada no decorrer da temporada competitiva mediante análise das seguintes variáveis: lance-livre, arremessos de quadra, e percentagem de arremessos de três pontos. As análises de regressão indicaram a existência de uma relação positiva entre as avaliações específicas dos arremessos e a precisão durante os jogos, a qual foi mais forte nas situações de arremessos dinâmicos comparados aos estáticos. Contudo, as relações existentes entre as variáveis de condição física e a precisão de arremesso durante os jogos foram menores e pouco significativas. Apenas os testes de potência mostraram ser bons preditores para os arremessos efetuados a longas distâncias. Os resultados obtidos apoiam a inclusão de testes de avaliação da precisão de arremessosrealizados de forma dinâmica em procedimentos regulares de avaliação no basquetebol, constituindo-se como instrumentos valiosos para ocontrole do rendimento.

"La relación entre la aptitud física y precisión de tiro de los jugadores profesionales de baloncesto." El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la relación entre la condición física de los jugadores profesionales de baloncesto de Bosnia (n=38) y la precisión de tiro durante una temporada de baloncesto. Paralelamente, el objetivo secundario fue examinar las relaciones entre las evaluaciones de lanzamiento de baloncesto y la precisión de tiro durante el partido. Los componentes de la aptitud física incluían: la resistencia muscular y la resistencia aeróbica, la potencia de los miembros inferiores y superiores del cuerpo, la velocidad, la agilidad, la capacidad anaeróbica y la potencia anaeróbica. La precisión específica de tiro de baloncesto se evaluó mediante lanzamiento estático y evaluaciones de tiro en movimiento. La precisión de tiro en competición estuvo representada por los datos recogidos durante una temporada de baloncesto para cada jugador (tiro libre, tiro de campo y triple %). Posteriores análisis de los resultados mostraron que había una significativa relación positiva entre las evaluaciones de tiro y la precisión de tiro durante el partido. La relación era más fuerte cuando las pruebas de tiro en movimiento se compararon con las pruebas de tiro estático. Sin embargo, existían pocas o débiles relaciones entre los componentes de la aptitud física y la precisión de tiro en competición. Sólo las pruebas de potencia mostraron ser buenas predictoras para lanzamientos de mayor distancia. Los resultados apoyan la inclusión de los entrenamientos de precisión de tiro en movimiento en los procedimientos habituales de evaluación de baloncesto, como un valioso instrumento de prueba.

Explosive strength training improves speed and agility in wheelchair basketball athletes / Treinamento de força explosiva melhora a velocidade e a agilidade de atletas de basquetebol em cadeiras de rodas / Entrenamiento de Fuerza Explosiva mejora la velocidad y la agilidad de atletas de básquetbol en sillas de ruedas

INTRODUCTION: Wheelchair basketball is a paralympic sport characterized by intermittent high-intensity activities that require explosive strength and speed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of explosive strength training on speed and agility performance in wheelchair basketball players. METHODS: Ten male wheelchair basketball players (Mage=31±4 yrs) were divided into two groups [i.e. explosive strength training (ES); control (CN)] based on International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) classification scores. The ES group underwent 6-weeks of training, twice weekly, at 50% 1RM, 10-12 repetitions and 3-4 sets in addition to routine training. Effects of training were measured by the 20 m sprint test and Illinois agility test. RESULTS: The ES group, showed significantly higher increases in speed and agility performance (p ≤ .05). CONCLUSION: A short-duration (i.e. 6-week) explosive strength training programme in wheelchair basketball athletes results in significant improvements in sprint and agility performance. .

INTRODUÇÃO: O basquete em cadeira de rodas é um esporte paralímpico caracterizado por atividades intermitentes de alta intensidade que exigem força explosiva e velocidade. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do treinamento de força explosiva sobre a velocidade e o desempenho da agilidade em jogadores de basquete em cadeira de rodas. MÉTODOS: Dez jogadores de basquete do sexo masculino em cadeira de rodas (Midade = 31 ± 4 anos) foram divididos em dois grupos [ou seja, treinamento de força explosiva (FE) e controle (CN)], com base em cadeira de rodas de acordo com os escores de classificação da Federação Internacional de Basquetebol em Cadeira de Rodas (IWBF). O grupo FE realizou 6 semanas de treinamento, duas vezes por semana, a 50% de 1RM, 10-12 repetições e 3-4 séries, além de treinamento de rotina. Os efeitos de treinamento foram medidos pelo teste de corrida de 20 metros (sprint test) e pelo teste de agilidade de Illinois. RESULTADOS: O grupo FE mostrou aumentos significantemente maiores de velocidade e desempenho de agilidade (p ≤ 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A curta duração (isto é, 6 semanas) do programa de treinamento de força explosiva em atletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas resulta em melhorias expressivas do desempenho na corrida e de agilidade. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: El básquetbol en silla de ruedas en el deporte paraolímpico caracterizado por actividades intermitentes de alta intensidad, las cuales exigen fuerza explosiva y velocidad. OBJETIVO: Investigar el efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza explosiva sobre la velocidad y el desempeño de la agilidad en jugadores de básquetbol en silla de ruedas. MÉTODOS: Diez jugadores de básquetbol del sexo masculino en silla de ruedas (Promedioedad = 31 ± 4 años) fueron divididos en dos grupos [o sea, entrenamiento de fuerza explosiva (FE) y control (CN)], con base en silla de ruedas, de acuerdo con las puntuaciones de clasificación de la Federación Internacional de Baloncesto en Silla de Ruedas (IWBF). El grupo de FE realizó 6 semanas de entrenamiento, dos veces por semana, a 50% de 1RM, 10-12 repeticiones y 3-4 series, además de entrenamiento de rutina. Los efectos del entrenamiento fueron medidos mediante la prueba de carrera de 20 metros (sprint test) y por la prueba de agilidad de Illinois. RESULTADOS: El grupo de FE mostró aumentos significantemente mayores de velocidad y desempeño de agilidad (p ≤ 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: La corta duración (es decir, 6 semanas) del programa de entrenamiento de fuerza explosiva, en atletas de básquetbol en silla de ruedas, resultó en mejorías expresivas del desempeño en la carrera y de agilidad. .

Fitness-related factors associated with survival in older women / 体力科学

This study evaluated the relation between physical fitness and survival. This prospective cohort study included 74–88-year-old women who were living at home and who reported no disability in activities of daily living. Subjects completed physical fitness tests assessing walking ability, muscular strength, flexibility, agility, and balance. They were administered a follow-up interview 14 years later. Of 63 older women, 58 died during that 14-year period. Among the 16 physical fitness measurements, significant association with survival time was found for 11 measurements using Cox proportional hazards model (Adjusted for age, BMI, and TMIG index of competence score). Among them, maximum walking time was an indicative main physical fitness factor for predicting the survival of elderly women. The hazard ratio per 1 s of 10m maximum walking time was 1.93 (95% Confidential Interval [CI], 1.54–2.41). Among muscular strength, flexibility, agility, and balance, the most influential physical fitness element to survival was agility (nerve reaction time). Therefore, the functional decline of the nervous system is expected to affect survival strongly. When 10 m maximal walking speed is 8.5 s or more, the median survival time of elderly women is 6.75 years (95%CI, 6.25–7.67), but if the time is less than 8.5 s it is 11.58 years (95%CI, 10.25–13.08, p<0.0001; log-rank test). The ability to move rapidly is identified as the main physical fitness factor associated with survival.

Valores hematológicos pre y postejercicio por sexo y por edad en caninos que practican agility en Antioquia / Hematological Values Pre and Post-Exercise by Gender and Age in Dogs that Do Agility in Antioquia / Valores hematológicos pré e pós-exercício por sexo e por idade em caninos que praticam agility em Antioquia

El objetivo del estudio es describir variables hematológicas pre y postejercicio en caninos practicantes de agility, y el efecto de factores como el sexo y la edad sobre estos parámetros. Se muestrearon 40 caninos durante el 2012 de cualquier sexo y edad, con mínimo seis meses de práctica en Antioquia. Se tomó una muestra de sangre venosa en tres momentos: en reposo, inmediatamente culminado el ejercicio y 30 min después del ejercicio. En Statgraphics versión 15.0 se empleó análisis de varianza con tres factores (sexo, edad y momento de toma de la muestra) para evaluar su efecto sobre la línea roja, blanca y plaquetas. El nivel de confianza fue del 95%, y se empleó el procedimiento de comparaciones múltiples (diferencia mínima significativa). Los eritrocitos y el volumen corpuscular medio presentaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) para cada una de las interacciones (sexo y edad en cada uno de los tres momentos). La hemoglobina no presentó diferencias significativas en ninguno de los factores e interacciones evaluadas. El recuento leucocitario en las diferentes edades mostró diferencias significativas (p < 0,05). Los neutrófilos y linfocitos presentaron diferencias significativas entre las distintas edades (p < 0,05) y los eosinófilos no presentaron diferencias significativas respecto a las variables del estudio. Las variaciones hematológicas postejercicio se deben a predominio simpático y liberación de catecolaminas, las cuales estimulan esplenocontracción y liberación de eritrocitos del bazo. En la línea blanca, la liberación de epinefrina en respuesta a miedo, excitación o ejercicio súbito es la responsable de la leucocitosis y neutrofilia fisiológica.

The purpose of the study is to describe hematological variables before and after exercise in dogs that do agility, and the effect of factors such as gender and age on these parameters. Forty dogs were sampled during 2012, regardless of gender and age, with at least six months of practice in Antioquia. Samples of venous blood were taken at three points: at rest, immediately after exercising and 30 minutes after exercising. In Statgraphics version 15.0, analysis of variance was used with three factors (sex, age, and time of sampling) to evaluate its effect on red and white blood cells and platelets. The confidence level was 95%, and the multiple comparisons procedure (least significant difference) was used. Erythrocytes and the mean corpuscular volume show significant differences (p <0.05) for each of the interactions (sex and age in each of the three times). Hemoglobin did not show significant differences in any of the factors and interactions evaluated. The leukocyte count showed significant differences at different ages (p <0.05). Neutrophils and lymphocytes showed significant differences between the different age groups (p <0.05) and eosinophils showed no significant differences for the variables of the study. Post-exercise hematologic variations are due to sympathetic predominance and release of catecholamines, which stimulate splenocontraction and release of erythrocytes from the spleen. In white blood cells, epinephrine release in response to fear, excitement or sudden exercise is responsible for physiological leukocytosis and neutrophilia.

O objetivo do estudo é descrever variáveis hematológicas pré e pós-exercício em caninos praticantes de agility, e o efeito de fatores como o sexo e a idade sobre estes parâmetros. Amostraram-se 40 caninos durante o ano de 2012 de qualquer sexo e idade, com no mínimo seis meses de prática em Antioquia. Foi tomada uma amostra de sangue venosa em três momentos: em reposo, imediatamente culminado o exercício e 30 minutos depois do exercício. Em Statgraphics versão 15.0 se empregou análise de variação com três fatores (sexo, idade e momento de tomada da amostra) para avaliar seu efeito sobre a linha vermelha, branca e plaquetas. O nível de confiança foi de 95%, e se empregou o procedimento de comparações múltiplas (diferença mínima significativa). Os eritrócitos e o volume corpuscular médio apresentaram diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) para cada uma das interações (sexo e idade em cada um dos três momentos). A hemoglobina não apresentou diferenças significativas em nenhum dos fatores e interações avaliadas. A recontagem leucocitária nas diferentes idades mostrou diferenças significativas (p < 0,05). Os neutrófilos e linfócitos apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as diferentes idades (p < 0,05) e os eosinófilos não apresentaram diferenças significativas com respeito às variáveis do estágio. As variações hematológicas pós-exercício s{ao devidas ao predomínio simpático e liberação de catecolaminas, as quais estimulam esplenocontração e liberação de eritrócitos do baço}. Na linha branca, a liberação de adrenalina em resposta a medo, excitação ou exercício súbito é a responsável da leucocitose e neutro filia fisiológica.

Comparison of agility and dynamic balance in elderly women with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype with presence or absence of metabolic syndrome / Comparación de la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico en mujeres adultas mayores con somatotipo mesomorfo endomorfico y presencia o ausencia de síndrome metabólico

Physical function declines in efficiency with advancing age, contributing to disability. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome is a common illness in elderly populations, somatotayping is a technique for description of the physique and can establish a relation with performance and pathology. The aim of this work was to compare the agility, dynamic balance in elderly women with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype with presence or absence of metabolic syndrome. A sample of 18 volunteers was obtained (age 66.5+/-4.7 years old), all were elderly sedentary women. They were assessed whit anthropometric variables in accordance with ISAK protocol in order to determine Heath & Carter somatotype; presence of metabolic syndrome they were evaluated according with the NCEP ATP-III, the agility and dynamic balance was assessed with the functional test Time Up and Go (TUGT). Mean of somatotype in subjects with absence or presence of metabolic syndrome was 6.2-7.9-0.2 and 6.5-8.7-0.1 respectively; Shapiro­Wilk test checked the normality of the distribution in the functional test Time Up and Go, in the group with absence or presence of metabolic syndrome, based on its normality distribution for the intergroup comparison, the Student t test was applied, the significance level, utilized was 95 percent (P , 0.05) for the sample assessed without metabolic syndrome, the execution time of the functional test TUGT was better in spite of the same somatotype intergroup. The pathological components of metabolic syndrome can be related whit dysfunctional mobility in elderly women.

Conforme la edad progresa, se presenta una pérdida en la funcionalidad física del ser humano, contribuyendo al deterioro de su autonomía funcional, además el síndrome metabólico (SM) es un padecimiento común en poblaciones de adultos mayores. El somatotipo es una técnica utilizada para describir la forma del físico en diferentes tipos de poblaciones que puede establecer una relación con su rendimiento físico y patologías. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico en adultas mayores con un somatotipo mesomorfo-endomorfico con presencia o ausencia de SM. Fue reclutada una muestra de 18 mujeres adultas mayores sedentarias (edad promedio de 66.5+/-4.7 años). Las variables antropométricas fueron valoradas utilizando los lineamientos establecidos por ISAK y se determinó el índice morfológico del somatotipo por el procedimiento de Heath & Carter. La presencia de SM fue evaluada de acuerdo al NCEP ATP-III, la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico fue medido mediante el test funcional de Timed up and go (TUGT). La media del somatotipo en las sujetos con ausencia y presencia de SM fue de 6.2-7.9-0.2 y 6.5-8.7-0.1 respectivamente; el test de Shapiro­Wilk fue utilizado para observar la normalidad de la distribución de los datos en el test de funcionalidad (TUGT)de ambos grupos, ya comprobada la normalidad de los datos, se aplicó la prueba t de Student con el nivel de significancia 95 por ciento (P , 0.05), comprobando que el grupo con ausencia de SM presentó una mejor agilidad y equilibrio dinámico. Es posible que los componentes patológicos del SM puedan estar relacionados con una pérdida de autonomía funcional en mujeres adultas mayores.

Study of Flexibility, Agility and Reaction Time in Handball Players.

Handball is a very versatile game which is played very rarely and recently in India. The study was carried out in 30 male handball players aged between 15 to 25 yrs and 30 age matched controls. Flexibility was assessed using Sit and Reach test and Goniometry; Agility using Burpee’s squat test, Side Step test, Quadrant Jump test and Reaction time using electronic instruments. Data was analyzed using Unpaired T Test. It was observed that flexibility, agility was significantly more and reaction time was significantly less in handball players as compared to their age matched controls. However, these handball players lag far behind when compared with international handball players. So it was concluded that players with more flexibility, agility and less reaction time are at advantage for handball.

The effects of knee extensor eccentric training on functional tests in healthy subjects / Os efeitos do treino isocinético excêntrico dos extensores do joelho nos testes funcionais em sujeitos saudáveis

BACKGROUND: It is well known that eccentric training increases muscle strength and promotes greater neural activation, and therefore has been used in the recovery of knee extensors. The hypothesis of this study was that there would be a strong correlation between knee extensor torque and functional tests. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between knee extensor peak torque and functional tests of agility (runs) and propulsion (hop for distance) after short-term isokinetic eccentric training. METHODS: Twenty healthy and active male undergraduate students (age 22.5±2.1 years; height 1.72±0.10 m; weight 67.8±9.5 kg; body mass index: 22.5±2.0 kg/m²), with no abnormalities or history of injury of the limbs, performed an isokinetic assessment of the knee extensors and flexors and also functional tests before and after isokinetic training, which consisted of 3 sets of 10 MVECs at 30º/s, with 3 minutes of rest between sets, twice a week for 6 weeks. RESULTS: The eccentric training increased the extensor peak torque (16, 27 and 17 percent; P<0.01) and decreased the H/Q ratio (10, 20 and 13 percent; P<0.01) for the isometric and eccentric modes at 30°/s and 120°/s, respectively. It also decreased the time in two of the five agility tests (carioca and pivot diagonal; P<0.01), and increased the distance in the hop tests, for both dominant and non-dominant limbs (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Although the eccentric training led to an increase in extensor peak torques as well as an improvement in most of the functional tests, the hypothesis that a strong correlation would be observed between peak torques and functional tests was not confirmed. Article registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) under the number 12607000590460.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Sabe-se que o treino excêntrico aumenta a força muscular, promovendo uma maior ativação neural e, portanto, tem sido usado na recuperação do torque extensor. A hipótese deste estudo foi a de que possa existir uma forte correlação entre o torque extensor do joelho e os testes funcionais. OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar o torque extensor do joelho com os testes funcionais de agilidade (corridas) e impulsão (saltos em distância) após o treino isocinético excêntrico de curta duração. MÉTODOS: Vinte homens universitários, ativos e saudáveis (22,5±2,1 anos; 1,72±0,10 m; 67,8±9,5 kg; IMC 22,5±2,0 kg/m²), sem reportar anormalidades ou história de lesão no membro inferior, realizaram avaliação isocinética do torque extensor e flexor do joelho e testes funcionais antes e depois do treino isocinético que consistiu em três séries de 10 CEVM a 30º/s, com 3 minutos de repouso entre as séries, realizado duas vezes por semana, durante seis semanas. RESULTADOS: O torque extensor aumentou (16, 27 e 17 por cento; P<0,01), a razão I/Q diminuiu (10, 20 e 13 por cento; p<0,01) para os modos: isométrico e excêntrico a 30°/s e 120°/s, respectivamente; diminuiu o tempo em dois dos cinco testes de corridas (carioca e pivô diagonal; P<0,01) e aumentou a distância nos testes de saltos tanto para o membro dominante quanto para o não dominante (P<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Embora o treino excêntrico tenha aumentado o torque dos extensores do joelho, bem como melhorado a maioria dos testes funcionais, a hipótese de uma forte correlação entre essas variáveis não se confirmou. Artigo registrado no Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) sob o número 12607000590460.

Plyometric training improves power and agility in Jamaica's national netball team / El entrenamiento pliométrico mejora la fuerza y agilidad del equipo nacional de netball de Jamaica

OBJECTIVE: Plyometric training is widely used in conditioning, power training and in prevention and rehabilitation of injuries in some sports. This study sought to investigate the effect of a three-week plyometric training programme on jump performance and agility in Jamaican national netball players. METHOD: Eighteen national netballers participated in a Plyometric training programme. Subjects were evaluated using the Vertical Jump Test, the Broad Jump Test and the Illinois Agility Test prior to the start of the programme and at week 3. DATA ANALYSIS: The data were analysed using SPSS version 12 for Windows. A One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test showed normal distribution of data and a paired samples t-test was used to determine whether the mean change in jump performance and agility was significant. RESULTS: All eighteen subjects completed the three weeks of training. Three subjects were shown to be outliers at week 3 and this resulted in data from 15 subjects being analysed. At the end of the three weeks, there were significant improvements in Vertical Jump Scores (p = 0.023), Broad Jump Scores (p = 0.002) and Agility scores (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Three weeks of Plyometric training can lead to significant improvements in jump performance and agility and should be integrated into the national training programme at intervals yet to be determined.

OBJETIVO: El entrenamiento pliométrico se usa ampliamente para el acondicionamiento, y entrenamiento de fuerza, así como para la prevención y rehabilitación de lesiones en algunos deportes. Este estudio buscó investigar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento pliométrico de tres semanas sobre el rendimiento en salto alto y la agilidad de las jugadoras del Equipo Nacional de Netball de Jamaica. MÉTODO: Dieciocho jugadoras nacionales de netball participaron en un programa de entrenamiento pliométrico. Las sujetos fueron evaluadas usando la prueba de salto vertical, la prueba de salto largo y la prueba de agilidad de Illinois, antes del comienzo del programa y a la semana 3. ANÁLISIS DE DATOS: Los datos fueron analizados usando la versión 12 de SPSS para Windows. La Prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para una muestra mostró una distribución normal de los datos y una prueba t de muestras pareadas fue usada para determinar si el cambio promedio en el rendimiento del salto y la agilidad fue significativo. RESULTADOS: Las dieciocho sujetos completaron las tres semanas de entrenamiento. Tres sujetos mostraron tener valores atípicos en la semana 3, y esto trajo por resultado que se analizaran datos de 15 sujetos. Al final de las tres semanas, se produjeron mejoras significativas en las puntuaciones del salto vertical (p = 0.023), las puntuaciones del salto largo (p = 0.002) y las puntuaciones de la agilidad (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIÓN: Tres semanas de entrenamiento pliométrico pueden llevar a mejoras significativas en el rendimiento y agilidad, y deben integrarse en el programa de entrenamiento nacional a intervalos aún por determinar.